PureDefense w/NAC

• Vitamin C

  250 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin C

  Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that supports collagen production, antioxidant defenses, and the normal function of immune cells. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, can improve absorption of plant-based iron, and may modestly shorten the duration of common colds when taken regularly.

  • Supports lower common-cold risk during brief periods of severe physical exercise or cold stress.
  • Supports circulating Vitamin C status across studied healthy and clinical populations.
  • Supports short-term blood-pressure and endothelial-function outcomes in studied adults.
  • Supports fasting-glucose and HbA1c outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes.

  Top References

  • Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.
  • Effect of Dietary or Supplemental Vitamin C Intake on Vitamin C Levels in Patients with and without Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review
  • High-dose vitamin C supplementation increases skeletal muscle vitamin C concentration and SVCT2 transporter expression but does not alter redox status in healthy males.
  • Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial
  • Supplementation of Vitamin C Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

• Vitamin D(Vitamin D (Form: as Cholecalciferol (Alt. Name: D3)) Note: 1,000 IU)

  25 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin D

  Vitamin D is a hormone-like nutrient that helps the body absorb calcium and maintain healthy bones and muscle function. Supplementation can reliably prevent or correct low vitamin D status, particularly when sun exposure is limited, while broader immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits are less certain.

  • Supports bone-density and fracture- or fall-related outcomes.
  • Supports muscle-strength outcomes, including lower-limb strength.
  • Supports glycemic-marker and insulin-sensitivity outcomes in studied metabolic populations.
  • Supports respiratory-infection-risk outcomes across studied age groups.

  Top References

  • Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
  • Clinical review: The effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  • Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Gait and Balance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  • The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • What is the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in people with type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails
  • The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycaemic Control in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
  • The Role of Vitamin D Oral Supplementation in Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  • Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis.
  • Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials.
  • Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

• Zinc(Zinc (Form: as Zinc Citrate))

  7.5 mg

  Ingredient research · Zinc

  Zinc is an essential mineral needed for hundreds of enzymes, DNA and protein synthesis, immune defense, wound healing, and normal growth. Supplementation corrects low zinc status and helps restore these functions; certain zinc lozenges may also modestly shorten a common cold when used early, though this benefit depends on the formulation.

• N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine(N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Note: free-form)

  450 mg

  Ingredient research · NAC

  NAC is a cysteine derivative that helps replenish glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant, and also thins mucus by breaking bonds in its proteins. As a supplement, it may support antioxidant defenses and respiratory health; acetylcysteine also has established medical uses as a mucolytic and as an antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.

  • Supports glutathione and antioxidant-defense measures.
  • Supports depressive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
  • Supports cannabis-use, craving, and abstinence outcomes.
  • Evidence supports kidney-function and injury-marker outcomes in clinical treatment settings.
  • Supports hearing-loss and ototoxicity outcomes in noise- and medication-exposure settings.

  Top References

  • N-Acetylcysteine effects on glutathione and glutamate in schizophrenia: A preliminary MRS study
  • Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentrations regardless of lipid or smoking status.
  • N‐acetylcysteine prevents glutathione decrease and does not interfere with paracetamol antinociceptive effect at therapeutic dosage: a randomized double‐blind controlled trial in healthy subjects
  • Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of schizophrenia
  • N‐acetylcysteine for depression and glutamate changes in the left prefrontal cortex in adolescents and young adults at risk for bipolar disorder: A pilot study
  • N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials.
  • A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents.
  • N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency or diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine for preventing amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in preventing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity: implications for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB
  • Protective effects of vitamins/antioxidants on occupational noise‐induced hearing loss: A systematic review
  • Efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in prevention of noise induced hearing loss: A randomized clinical trial

• EpiCor(EpiCor dried Yeast Fermentate Complex (Form: from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genus: Saccharomyces Species: cerevisiae))

  250 mg

• European Elder (Elderberry) (Sambucus nigra) extract

  200 mg

• Quercetin

  25 mg

  Ingredient research · Quercetin

  Quercetin is a plant flavonoid with antioxidant and inflammation-modulating activity, commonly taken for immune, cardiovascular, and allergy-related support. Human benefits appear modest and context-dependent: it may slightly improve blood pressure and some inflammatory markers, while its usefulness for preventing infections or relieving allergy symptoms remains uncertain.

  • Supports LDL and total-cholesterol markers in adults with metabolic disorders.
  • Supports selected insulin-sensitivity and adipokine markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
  • Supports disease-activity and joint-symptom measures in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Supports neuromuscular recovery and selected muscle-damage markers after eccentric exercise.

  Top References

  • The effects of quercetin supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  • Effects of Quercetin on Adiponectin-Mediated Insulin Sensitivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial
  • The effects of quercetin supplementation on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
  • The Effect of Quercetin on Inflammatory Factors and Clinical Symptoms in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
  • The Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
  • Quercetin Supplementation Improves Neuromuscular Function Recovery from Muscle Damage

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