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Ingredient research · Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a hormone-like nutrient that helps the body absorb calcium and maintain healthy bones and muscle function. Supplementation can reliably prevent or correct low vitamin D status, particularly when sun exposure is limited, while broader immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits are less certain.

• Supports bone-density and fracture- or fall-related outcomes.
• Supports muscle-strength outcomes, including lower-limb strength.
• Supports glycemic-marker and insulin-sensitivity outcomes in studied metabolic populations.
• Supports respiratory-infection-risk outcomes across studied age groups.

Ingredient research · Vitamin K

Vitamin K is an essential fat-soluble nutrient that activates proteins needed for normal blood clotting and bone mineralization. Supplements reliably prevent or correct deficiency and may support bone health when intake or absorption is inadequate; effects beyond this, including cardiovascular benefits, are less certain and can differ between K1 and K2 forms.

Ingredient research · Folic Acid

Folic Acid is the synthetic, stable form of vitamin B9, needed for DNA synthesis, cell division, and healthy red blood cell formation. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects folate deficiency and, when taken before conception and during early pregnancy, substantially lowers the risk of neural tube defects.

• Supports folate status in women of reproductive age.
• Supports healthy homocysteine levels.
• Supports first-stroke prevention in adults with hypertension.
• Supports endothelial-function measures in coronary artery disease.
• Supports antidepressant response as an adjunct to fluoxetine, particularly in women.

Ingredient research · Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral that gives bones and teeth their structure and also enables muscle contraction and nerve signaling. Supplements are most useful for filling inadequate intake and, often alongside vitamin D, can help preserve bone mineral density and support fracture prevention in some higher-risk groups.

• Supports bone-mineral-density outcomes in studied healthy children and older women.

Ingredient research · Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential dietary mineral that helps build bones and teeth and is integral to cellular energy, cell membranes, and acid–base balance. Supplements are mainly relevant when intake or absorption is inadequate; most diets already provide enough, and excess phosphorus can be problematic, especially with impaired kidney function.

Ingredient research · Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral that enables normal muscle and nerve function, energy production, heart rhythm, and bone maintenance. Supplements can correct low magnesium status and, depending on the formulation, may also help with constipation, muscle cramps, or migraine prevention in some people.

Ingredient research · Selenium

Selenium is an essential trace mineral used to make antioxidant enzymes and regulate thyroid hormone activity, linking adequate intake to thyroid, immune, and reproductive function. Supplementation can correct low selenium status, but more is not necessarily better because excessive intake can be toxic.

• Supports selected thyroid-autoantibody and TSH markers in studied people with autoimmune thyroiditis.
• Supports selected antioxidant-defense biomarkers in studied metabolic, cardiovascular, and selenium-status populations.
• Supports depression-symptom measures across a small selenium-specific randomized evidence base.

Ingredient research · Copper

Copper is an essential trace mineral used by enzymes that support iron metabolism, connective-tissue formation, energy production, antioxidant defense, and nervous and immune function. Supplementation can correct low copper status and related anemia or neurologic problems, but extra copper offers no established benefit when intake and status are adequate.

Ingredient research · Manganese

Manganese is an essential trace mineral that activates enzymes involved in energy metabolism, connective-tissue and bone formation, and antioxidant defense. Supplementation can restore these functions when intake is inadequate or deficiency is present, but added manganese has no clear general benefit for people who already get enough.

Ingredient research · Molybdenum

Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral that serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in processing sulfites, sulfur-containing amino acids and purines. Because ordinary diets generally provide enough and deficiency is exceptionally rare, standalone supplementation has no clear practical benefit for most people, though it can restore status when intake or absorption is genuinely inadequate.

Ingredient research · Boron

Boron is a trace element that may influence mineral metabolism and the actions of vitamin D and steroid hormones. Supplements are mainly considered for bone and joint health, but a distinct benefit in people with adequate diets has not been firmly established.