Vision

• Vitamin A(Vitamin A (Form: as Retinyl Acetate))

  600 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin A

  Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble nutrient that enables normal vision, especially in dim light, and helps maintain immune defenses, skin and other epithelial tissues, growth, and reproduction. Supplementation can prevent or correct deficiency when intake or absorption is inadequate, benefiting visual, immune, and developmental health.

  • Supports maternal and breast-milk vitamin A status, particularly where baseline stores are low.
  • Supports hemoglobin response in some anemic or vitamin A-deficient populations, including when added to iron and folate.
  • Supports reducing bacterial-vaginosis incidence and prevalence during pregnancy and postpartum follow-up in a studied deficient setting.

  Top References

  • Efect of vitamin A suplementation: a systematic review.
  • Retinol-to-Fat Ratio and Retinol Concentration in Human Milk Show Similar Time Trends and Associations with Maternal Factors at the Population Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  • Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women.
  • Concomitant supplemental vitamin A enhances the response to weekly supplemental iron and folic acid in anemic teenagers in urban Bangladesh.
  • Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women.
  • Maternal vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation and risk of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.

• Vitamin E(Vitamin E (Form: as D-Alpha Tocopheryl Succinate))

  53 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin E

  Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports normal immune and nerve function. Supplementation is most useful for preventing or correcting deficiency, particularly when fat absorption is impaired; routine use has not shown broad protection against cardiovascular disease or cancer.

  • Supports improvement in liver histology in adults without diabetes who have biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • Supports lower CRP and malondialdehyde in studied adult populations, including people receiving hemodialysis.
  • Supports short-term improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes.

  Top References

  • Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • The effect of vitamin E supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
  • The effects of vitamin E supplementation on malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes.
  • Antioxidant effects of vitamins in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

• Riboflavin

  8 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin B2

  Vitamin B2 is riboflavin, an essential nutrient that helps enzymes release energy from food and supports normal red blood cell, skin, and nervous-system function. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, and regular use can reduce migraine frequency and severity in some people.

  • Supports blood-pressure control in treated hypertensive adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype.

  Top References

  • Riboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up.
  • Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensive Individuals With the MTHFR 677TT Genotype Is Responsive to Intervention With Riboflavin: Findings of a Targeted Randomized Trial

• Niacin(Niacin (Form: as Niacinamide))

  20 mg

  Ingredient research · Niacin

  Niacin is vitamin B3, essential for enzymes that convert food into energy and support normal skin and nervous-system function. Supplementation prevents or corrects deficiency; in high-dose nicotinic acid form it can alter cholesterol and triglycerides, but this pharmacologic use is distinct from routine nutritional supplementation.

  • Supports favorable changes in selected cholesterol fractions, including LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, in studied metabolic and diabetes populations.
  • Supports favorable fasting-triglyceride changes in studied adults with diabetes or metabolic dysregulation.

  Top References

  • Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes
  • Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.
  • Niacin induces miR-502-3p expression which impairs insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes
  • Postprandial triglyceride responses to aerobic exercise and extended-release niacin.

• Biotin

  40 mcg

  Ingredient research · Biotin

  Biotin is an essential B vitamin that helps enzymes process fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, but extra biotin has not been shown to improve hair, skin, or nails in most people who are not deficient, and high intakes can distort certain laboratory test results.

• Zinc(Zinc (Form: as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate))

  16 mg

  Ingredient research · Zinc

  Zinc is an essential mineral needed for hundreds of enzymes, DNA and protein synthesis, immune defense, wound healing, and normal growth. Supplementation corrects low zinc status and helps restore these functions; certain zinc lozenges may also modestly shorten a common cold when used early, though this benefit depends on the formulation.

• Copper(Copper (Form: as Copper Complex))

  1 mg

  Ingredient research · Copper

  Copper is an essential trace mineral used by enzymes that support iron metabolism, connective-tissue formation, energy production, antioxidant defense, and nervous and immune function. Supplementation can correct low copper status and related anemia or neurologic problems, but extra copper offers no established benefit when intake and status are adequate.

• Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex

  150 mg

  Ingredient research · Citrus Bioflavonoids

  Citrus Bioflavonoids are a mixture of citrus-derived plant compounds, often including hesperidin and related flavanones, that can influence antioxidant and blood-vessel signaling. They are mainly supplemented to support capillary and circulatory health or complement vitamin C, but distinct human benefits remain modest and depend on the extract’s composition.

• Taurine

  150 mg

  Ingredient research · Taurine

  Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid-like compound that helps regulate cell hydration, bile acid formation, and normal nerve and muscle function; unlike caffeine, it is not a stimulant. Supplementation may modestly support exercise performance and recovery, with possible relevance to cardiovascular and metabolic health.

  • Supports blood-pressure control.

  Top References

  • Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
  • The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

• Cayenne Pepper

  100 mg

  Ingredient research · Cayenne pepper

  Cayenne pepper contains pungent capsaicinoids that activate heat- and pain-sensing pathways. As an oral supplement, it may modestly increase thermogenesis and reduce appetite, with possible relevance to weight management and metabolic health, but effects depend heavily on capsaicinoid content and should not be assumed from capsaicin research alone.

• Bilberry (fruit) extract

  50 mg

  Ingredient research · Bilberry Extract

  Bilberry Extract is an anthocyanin-rich botanical supplement used mainly for eye and circulatory health, based on compounds that may influence antioxidant defenses and small blood vessels. It may modestly support eye comfort or visual function in some settings, but distinct benefits—especially improved night vision in healthy people—are not firmly established.

• Eleuthero

  50 mg

  Ingredient research · Siberian Ginseng

  Siberian Ginseng is a whole-botanical preparation of Eleutherococcus senticosus, an herb unrelated to true Panax ginseng and traditionally used as an adaptogen to improve resilience to physical and mental stress. It is taken for fatigue, stamina, and immune support, though demonstrated human benefits remain modest or uncertain.

• Grape seed extract(Grape seed extract (Form: delivering 95% Polyphenols Note: 19 mg, including Oligomeric Procyanidins) PlantPart: seed)

  20 mg

  Ingredient research · Grape Seed Extract

  Grape Seed Extract is a concentrated source of proanthocyanidins, polyphenols that influence antioxidant defenses and blood-vessel function. Supplementation may modestly support circulation and healthy blood pressure, with possible relevance to swelling and skin health; it is distinct from resveratrol-rich grape products and their associated claims.

• Lutein Carotenoid

  6 mg

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