Doctor's Choice Multivitamin 45+ Women

• Calories

  5 Calories

• Total Carbohydrates

  2 Grams

• Vitamin A(Vitamin A (Form: as 75% Beta Carotene, and 25% Retinyl Acetate))

  1000 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin A

  Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble nutrient that enables normal vision, especially in dim light, and helps maintain immune defenses, skin and other epithelial tissues, growth, and reproduction. Supplementation can prevent or correct deficiency when intake or absorption is inadequate, benefiting visual, immune, and developmental health.

  • Supports maternal and breast-milk vitamin A status, particularly where baseline stores are low.
  • Supports hemoglobin response in some anemic or vitamin A-deficient populations, including when added to iron and folate.
  • Supports reducing bacterial-vaginosis incidence and prevalence during pregnancy and postpartum follow-up in a studied deficient setting.

  Top References

  • Efect of vitamin A suplementation: a systematic review.
  • Retinol-to-Fat Ratio and Retinol Concentration in Human Milk Show Similar Time Trends and Associations with Maternal Factors at the Population Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  • Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women.
  • Concomitant supplemental vitamin A enhances the response to weekly supplemental iron and folic acid in anemic teenagers in urban Bangladesh.
  • Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women.
  • Maternal vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation and risk of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.

• Vitamin C

  200 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin C

  Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that supports collagen production, antioxidant defenses, and the normal function of immune cells. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, can improve absorption of plant-based iron, and may modestly shorten the duration of common colds when taken regularly.

  • Supports lower common-cold risk during brief periods of severe physical exercise or cold stress.
  • Supports circulating Vitamin C status across studied healthy and clinical populations.
  • Supports short-term blood-pressure and endothelial-function outcomes in studied adults.
  • Supports fasting-glucose and HbA1c outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes.

  Top References

  • Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.
  • Effect of Dietary or Supplemental Vitamin C Intake on Vitamin C Levels in Patients with and without Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review
  • High-dose vitamin C supplementation increases skeletal muscle vitamin C concentration and SVCT2 transporter expression but does not alter redox status in healthy males.
  • Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Effect of vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial
  • Supplementation of Vitamin C Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

• Vitamin D3

  13.3 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin D

  Vitamin D is a hormone-like nutrient that helps the body absorb calcium and maintain healthy bones and muscle function. Supplementation can reliably prevent or correct low vitamin D status, particularly when sun exposure is limited, while broader immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits are less certain.

  • Supports bone-density and fracture- or fall-related outcomes.
  • Supports muscle-strength outcomes, including lower-limb strength.
  • Supports glycemic-marker and insulin-sensitivity outcomes in studied metabolic populations.
  • Supports respiratory-infection-risk outcomes across studied age groups.

  Top References

  • Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
  • Clinical review: The effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  • Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Gait and Balance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  • The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • What is the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in people with type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails
  • The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycaemic Control in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
  • The Role of Vitamin D Oral Supplementation in Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  • Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis.
  • Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials.
  • Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

• Vitamin E(Vitamin E (Form: as D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate, and mixed Tocopherols))

  26.8 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin E

  Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports normal immune and nerve function. Supplementation is most useful for preventing or correcting deficiency, particularly when fat absorption is impaired; routine use has not shown broad protection against cardiovascular disease or cancer.

  • Supports improvement in liver histology in adults without diabetes who have biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • Supports lower CRP and malondialdehyde in studied adult populations, including people receiving hemodialysis.
  • Supports short-term improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes.

  Top References

  • Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • The effect of vitamin E supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
  • The effects of vitamin E supplementation on malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes.
  • Antioxidant effects of vitamins in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

• Vitamin K(Vitamin K (Form: as Phytonadione))

  80 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin K

  Vitamin K is an essential fat-soluble nutrient that activates proteins needed for normal blood clotting and bone mineralization. Supplements reliably prevent or correct deficiency and may support bone health when intake or absorption is inadequate; effects beyond this, including cardiovascular benefits, are less certain and can differ between K1 and K2 forms.

• Thiamine

  40 mg

  Ingredient research · Thiamine

  Thiamine is vitamin B1, an essential nutrient that helps convert carbohydrates into usable energy and supports normal nerve and heart function. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, with particular relevance when absorption or intake is impaired, including in chronic heavy alcohol use.

  • Supports depression-treatment response when used alongside standard antidepressant treatment.

  Top References

  • Adjuvant thiamine improved standard treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: results from a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial

• Riboflavin

  40 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin B2

  Vitamin B2 is riboflavin, an essential nutrient that helps enzymes release energy from food and supports normal red blood cell, skin, and nervous-system function. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, and regular use can reduce migraine frequency and severity in some people.

  • Supports blood-pressure control in treated hypertensive adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype.

  Top References

  • Riboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up.
  • Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensive Individuals With the MTHFR 677TT Genotype Is Responsive to Intervention With Riboflavin: Findings of a Targeted Randomized Trial

• Niacin(Niacin (Form: as Niacinamide, and Niacin))

  60 mg

  Ingredient research · Niacin

  Niacin is vitamin B3, essential for enzymes that convert food into energy and support normal skin and nervous-system function. Supplementation prevents or corrects deficiency; in high-dose nicotinic acid form it can alter cholesterol and triglycerides, but this pharmacologic use is distinct from routine nutritional supplementation.

  • Supports favorable changes in selected cholesterol fractions, including LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, in studied metabolic and diabetes populations.
  • Supports favorable fasting-triglyceride changes in studied adults with diabetes or metabolic dysregulation.

  Top References

  • Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes
  • Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.
  • Niacin induces miR-502-3p expression which impairs insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes
  • Postprandial triglyceride responses to aerobic exercise and extended-release niacin.

• Vitamin B6(Vitamin B6 (Form: as Pyridoxine HCl))

  16.6 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin B6

  Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient that helps enzymes process amino acids and supports neurotransmitter, hemoglobin, and immune function. Supplementation reliably corrects deficiency and can reduce nausea during pregnancy; outside these uses, it is most relevant when intake or absorption is inadequate.

  • Supports depressive-symptom measures in premenopausal women with hormone-related contexts.

  Top References

  • The role for vitamin B-6 as treatment for depression: a systematic review.
  • Vitamin B6 Supplementation Reduces Symptoms of Depression in College Women Taking Oral Contraceptives: A Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Trial

• Folate

  From 400 mcg Folic Acid

  667 mcg DFE

  Ingredient research · Folate

  Folate is vitamin B9, an essential nutrient needed for DNA synthesis, cell division, and healthy red blood cell formation. Supplementation is especially important before conception and in early pregnancy because adequate folate reliably reduces neural tube defect risk, and it can also correct folate-deficiency anemia.

  • Supports homocysteine measures in women with PCOS and adults with metabolic syndrome.
  • Supports insulin and beta-cell-function markers in women with PCOS or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
  • Supports selected lipid-panel and vascular markers in women with PCOS and adults with metabolic syndrome.
  • Supports selected inflammation and oxidative-stress biomarkers in PCOS, metabolic syndrome, or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

  Top References

  • The effects of folate supplementation on inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
  • Metabolic response to folate supplementation in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
  • The Effects of Folate Supplementation on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Metabolic Status in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
  • Effects of long-term folate supplementation on metabolic status and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• Vitamin B12(Vitamin B12 (Form: as Cyanocobalamin))

  533.3 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin B12

  Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient needed for red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and normal nerve function. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency—especially when intake or absorption is limited—and may improve anemia, fatigue, or neurologic symptoms caused by low B12, but is not a general energy booster when status is adequate.

  • Supports vitamin B12 status and responsive deficiency markers in low-status populations, including maternal and breast-milk status during pregnancy and early lactation.

  Top References

  • Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with vitamin B-12: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
  • A vitamin B-12 supplement of 500 μg/d for eight weeks does not normalize urinary methylmalonic acid or other biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status in elderly people with moderately poor vitamin B-12 status.
  • Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status.

• Biotin

  400 mcg

  Ingredient research · Biotin

  Biotin is an essential B vitamin that helps enzymes process fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects deficiency, but extra biotin has not been shown to improve hair, skin, or nails in most people who are not deficient, and high intakes can distort certain laboratory test results.

• Pantothenic Acid(Pantothenic Acid (Form: as Calcium D-Pantothenate))

  33.3 mg

  Ingredient research · Vitamin B5

  Vitamin B5 is an essential nutrient used to make coenzyme A, a molecule central to releasing energy from food and building and breaking down fats. Supplementation prevents or corrects deficiency, but deficiency is uncommon and taking extra pantothenic acid has no clearly established benefit for most otherwise well-nourished people.

• Choline(Choline (Form: as Choline Bitartrate))

  143.3 mg

  Ingredient research · Choline

  Choline is an essential nutrient used to build cell membranes, make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and transport fat from the liver. Supplementation can help meet needs when dietary intake is low, with particular relevance during pregnancy and for supporting normal liver, muscle, and nervous-system function.

• Calcium(Calcium (Form: as Calcium Carbonate, Tricalcium Phosphate, and Calcium Citrate))

  533.3 mg

  Ingredient research · Calcium

  Calcium is an essential mineral that gives bones and teeth their structure and also enables muscle contraction and nerve signaling. Supplements are most useful for filling inadequate intake and, often alongside vitamin D, can help preserve bone mineral density and support fracture prevention in some higher-risk groups.

  • Supports bone-mineral-density outcomes in studied healthy children and older women.

  Top References

  • Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • The efficacy of calcium supplementation alone in elderly Thai women over a 2-year period: a randomized controlled trial

• Iodine(Iodine (Form: as Potassium Iodide))

  300 mcg

  Ingredient research · Iodine

  Iodine is an essential mineral the thyroid uses to make hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Supplementation reliably prevents or corrects iodine deficiency and is especially important when needs rise during pregnancy for fetal brain development, but excess intake can also disturb thyroid function.

  • Supports selected micronutrient and thyroid-status markers in iodine-deficient adults.

  Top References

  • Iodine Supplementation of Mildly Iodine-Deficient Adults Lowers Thyroglobulin: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
  • Iodine Supplementation Decreases Hypercholesterolemia in Iodine-Deficient, Overweight Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

• Magnesium(Magnesium (Form: as Magnesium Aspartate, and Magnesium Oxide))

  200 mg

  Ingredient research · Magnesium

  Magnesium is an essential mineral that enables normal muscle and nerve function, energy production, heart rhythm, and bone maintenance. Supplements can correct low magnesium status and, depending on the formulation, may also help with constipation, muscle cramps, or migraine prevention in some people.

• Zinc(Zinc (Form: as Zinc Gluconate))

  10 mg

  Ingredient research · Zinc

  Zinc is an essential mineral needed for hundreds of enzymes, DNA and protein synthesis, immune defense, wound healing, and normal growth. Supplementation corrects low zinc status and helps restore these functions; certain zinc lozenges may also modestly shorten a common cold when used early, though this benefit depends on the formulation.

• Selenium(Selenium (Form: as L-Selenomethionine))

  133.3 mcg

  Ingredient research · Selenium

  Selenium is an essential trace mineral used to make antioxidant enzymes and regulate thyroid hormone activity, linking adequate intake to thyroid, immune, and reproductive function. Supplementation can correct low selenium status, but more is not necessarily better because excessive intake can be toxic.

  • Supports selected thyroid-autoantibody and TSH markers in studied people with autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • Supports selected antioxidant-defense biomarkers in studied metabolic, cardiovascular, and selenium-status populations.
  • Supports depression-symptom measures across a small selenium-specific randomized evidence base.

  Top References

  • Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  • Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A prospective randomized‐controlled trial
  • Effect of selenium supplementation on antioxidant markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  • The effect of selenium supplementation on coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: a systematic review.
  • The role of selenium in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational and interventional studies

• Copper(Copper (Form: as Copper Gluconate))

  1.3 mg

  Ingredient research · Copper

  Copper is an essential trace mineral used by enzymes that support iron metabolism, connective-tissue formation, energy production, antioxidant defense, and nervous and immune function. Supplementation can correct low copper status and related anemia or neurologic problems, but extra copper offers no established benefit when intake and status are adequate.

• Manganese(Manganese (Form: as Manganese Citrate))

  1.3 mg

  Ingredient research · Manganese

  Manganese is an essential trace mineral that activates enzymes involved in energy metabolism, connective-tissue and bone formation, and antioxidant defense. Supplementation can restore these functions when intake is inadequate or deficiency is present, but added manganese has no clear general benefit for people who already get enough.

• Molybdenum(Molybdenum (Form: as Sodium Molybdate))

  50 mcg

  Ingredient research · Molybdenum

  Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral that serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in processing sulfites, sulfur-containing amino acids and purines. Because ordinary diets generally provide enough and deficiency is exceptionally rare, standalone supplementation has no clear practical benefit for most people, though it can restore status when intake or absorption is genuinely inadequate.

• Potassium(Potassium (Form: as Potassium Carbonate, and Potassium Aspartate))

  115 mg

  Ingredient research · Potassium

  Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction, including the heartbeat. Supplementation is most useful for preventing or correcting low potassium when intake is inadequate or losses are increased, while adequate potassium intake also contributes to healthy blood pressure.

  • Supports blood-pressure control, particularly in adults with hypertension and higher sodium or lower potassium intake.
  • Supports selected vascular-function responses after high-sodium meals in healthy adults.

  Top References

  • The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  • Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: a randomized controlled trial.
  • Postprandial effects of potassium supplementation on vascular function and blood pressure: a randomised cross-over study.

• Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) bark extract

  200 mg

• Ginger rhizome extract

  60 mg

  Ingredient research · Ginger

  Ginger is a pungent botanical commonly supplemented for its effects on the digestive tract. It can help relieve nausea, especially during pregnancy, and may modestly ease menstrual cramps or osteoarthritis-related pain through compounds that influence gut signaling and inflammatory pathways.

  • Supports nausea and vomiting measures during pregnancy.
  • Supports menstrual pain and heavy-bleeding measures in young women with primary dysmenorrhea or heavy menstrual bleeding.
  • Supports glycemic and lipid markers in adults with type 2 diabetes or related cardiometabolic conditions.
  • Supports selected inflammatory and oxidative-stress markers across adults with metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
  • Supports arthritis symptom and disease-activity measures in adults with knee osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.

  Top References

  • A systematic review of the efficacy of alternative medicine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy
  • Integrative and complementary practices to control nausea and vomiting in pregnant women: a systematic review
  • Efficacy of Ginger for Alleviating the Symptoms of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
  • Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Placebo‐Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial
  • Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  • The effect of ginger supplementation on serum C-reactive protein, lipid profile and glycaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • The effects of ginger supplementation on markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
  • A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Osteoarthritis Symptoms
  • The effect of ginger supplementation on some immunity and inflammation intermediate genes expression in patients with active Rheumatoid Arthritis.

• Protective Blend

  58.7 mg

  • Sweet Cherry Fruit Extract

  • Grape seed extract

    Ingredient research · Grape Seed Extract

    Grape Seed Extract is a concentrated source of proanthocyanidins, polyphenols that influence antioxidant defenses and blood-vessel function. Supplementation may modestly support circulation and healthy blood pressure, with possible relevance to swelling and skin health; it is distinct from resveratrol-rich grape products and their associated claims.

  • Pomegranate fruit extract

    Ingredient research · Pomegranate

    Pomegranate is a polyphenol-rich fruit used in supplements, typically as juice concentrates or extracts, for its antioxidant and vascular effects. Pomegranate may modestly support blood pressure and blood-vessel function, with possible relevance to exercise recovery and metabolic health, though benefits depend on the preparation.

  • Japanese Knotweed root extract(Japanese Knotweed root extract (Form: standardized to 50% Resveratrol Note: 2 mg) PlantPart: root)

    Ingredient research · Japanese knotweed root extract

    Japanese knotweed root extract is used chiefly as a concentrated botanical source of resveratrol and related polyphenols, prompting interest in antioxidant, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. However, the whole extract is not equivalent to purified resveratrol, and its distinct benefits in humans remain uncertain.

• Vegetable Blend

  33.3 mg

  • Broccoli

    Ingredient research · Brassica oleracea

    Brassica oleracea is the plant species that includes broccoli, cabbage, kale, and related vegetables, so the name alone does not identify a standardized supplement. Extracts are generally taken for glucosinolates and compounds such as sulforaphane, with interest in antioxidant and cellular-defense pathways, but their composition and demonstrated human benefits vary widely.

  • Cabbage

    Ingredient research · Brassica oleracea

    Brassica oleracea is the plant species that includes broccoli, cabbage, kale, and related vegetables, so the name alone does not identify a standardized supplement. Extracts are generally taken for glucosinolates and compounds such as sulforaphane, with interest in antioxidant and cellular-defense pathways, but their composition and demonstrated human benefits vary widely.

  • Carrot

    Ingredient research · Carrot

    Carrot is a whole-root food sometimes sold as a powder, juice concentrate, or extract, chiefly to provide carotenoids such as beta-carotene, which the body can convert to vitamin A. Its nutritional value depends heavily on processing and formulation, with few established benefits unique to carrot supplementation.

  • Collard Greens

  • Radish

  • Tomato

    Ingredient research · Tomato

    Tomato is a whole-food source of carotenoids, especially lycopene, along with potassium, vitamin C, and polyphenols. Concentrated tomato powders or extracts may modestly support cardiovascular health and the skin’s resilience to UV exposure, but their effects depend on how closely the product retains and delivers these components.

  • Mustard Greens

  • Kale

    Ingredient research · Brassica oleracea

    Brassica oleracea is the plant species that includes broccoli, cabbage, kale, and related vegetables, so the name alone does not identify a standardized supplement. Extracts are generally taken for glucosinolates and compounds such as sulforaphane, with interest in antioxidant and cellular-defense pathways, but their composition and demonstrated human benefits vary widely.

  • Spinach

    Ingredient research · Spinach

    Spinach is a nutrient-dense leafy vegetable rather than a well-defined supplement, supplying folate, vitamin K, carotenoids, and dietary nitrate as part of the diet. Powders and extracts concentrate some of these components, but their composition varies and distinct benefits beyond eating spinach are not well established.

• Inositol

  20 mg

  Ingredient research · Inositol

  Inositol is a vitamin-like carbohydrate that helps form cell membranes and relay insulin and other cellular signals. Supplementation, most often with myo-inositol or D-chiro-inositol, may improve insulin sensitivity and support more regular ovulation and menstrual cycles in people with polycystic ovary syndrome; effects can depend on the form and context.

  • Supports triglyceride markers.
  • Supports pregnancy-induced-hypertension incidence.

  Top References

  • Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study
  • Myo-inositol supplementation to prevent gestational diabetes in overweight non-obese women: bioelectrical impedance analysis, metabolic aspects, obstetric and neonatal outcomes – a randomized and open-label, placebo-controlled clinical trial

• Betaine HCl

  16.6 mg

  Ingredient research · Betaine HCl

  Betaine HCl is a hydrochloride salt taken to increase stomach acidity, usually with the aim of improving protein digestion or nutrient absorption when low gastric acid is suspected. Human evidence for these benefits is limited, and extra acid can aggravate irritation in the stomach or esophagus.

• Cranberry

  16.6 mg

  Ingredient research · Cranberry

  Cranberry contains proanthocyanidins that can make it harder for certain bacteria to adhere to the urinary tract. Supplements may help reduce recurrent urinary tract infections in some people, but they do not treat an active infection, and effectiveness depends partly on the product’s composition.

• Bilberry fruit extract

  6.6 mg

  Ingredient research · Bilberry Extract

  Bilberry Extract is an anthocyanin-rich botanical supplement used mainly for eye and circulatory health, based on compounds that may influence antioxidant defenses and small blood vessels. It may modestly support eye comfort or visual function in some settings, but distinct benefits—especially improved night vision in healthy people—are not firmly established.

• Boron(Boron (Form: as Boric Acid, and Citric Acid Blend))

  2 mg

  Ingredient research · Boron

  Boron is a trace element that may influence mineral metabolism and the actions of vitamin D and steroid hormones. Supplements are mainly considered for bone and joint health, but a distinct benefit in people with adequate diets has not been firmly established.

• Lutein(Lutein (Form: from Aztec Marigold extract PlantPart: flower))

  1 mg

  Ingredient research · Lutein

  Lutein is a carotenoid that accumulates in the retina’s macula, where it helps filter high-energy light and protect tissue from oxidative stress. Supplementation can increase macular pigment and may support visual function, with greatest clinical relevance alongside other nutrients in formulations used for age-related macular degeneration.

  • Supports macular pigment density and selected contrast, glare, and retinal-sensitivity measures.
  • Supports attenuation of selected UV-induced skin-response markers in healthy adults.

  Top References

  • Clinical Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lutein with High Bio-Accessibility on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Contrast Sensitivity: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Comparison Trial
  • Changes following supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin in retinal function in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  • Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, crossover study

• Silicon(Silicon (Form: as Magnesium Trisilicate))

  666.6 mcg

  Ingredient research · Silicon

  Silicon is a trace element involved in connective-tissue and bone biology, which motivates its use for skeletal health and collagen-rich tissues such as skin, hair, and nails. Supplementation may support bone formation, but benefits in people with adequate intake remain uncertain; supplement forms also differ substantially in absorption, and silicon is not silicone.

• Vanadium(Vanadium (Form: as Vanadyl Sulfate))

  66.6 mcg

  Ingredient research · Vanadium

  Vanadium is a trace metal with no confirmed essential role in human nutrition. Its insulin-like activity has prompted supplements aimed at blood sugar control and sometimes athletic performance, but meaningful human benefits remain unproven; higher supplemental exposure can cause gastrointestinal and kidney toxicity.

• Zeaxanthin(Zeaxanthin (Form: from Aztec Marigold extract PlantPart: flower))

  50 mcg

  Ingredient research · Zeaxanthin

  Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid that accumulates in the macula, where it helps filter high-energy blue light and protect retinal tissue from oxidative stress. Supplementation can increase macular pigment and may support visual function and long-term eye health, particularly when dietary intake is low.

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