Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

Aug 2016

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000501.pub4

Citations:247

Influential Citations:9

Systematic Reviews / Meta-Analyses

Enhanced Details

Methods

Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials in very low birth weight infants (birth weight ≤1500 g or <32 weeks gestation).

Intervention

Intramuscular vitamin A regimens: 5000 IU three times weekly for four weeks; 10000 IU three times weekly for four weeks; or 15000 IU once weekly for four weeks.

Results

Vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight infants yields a small early benefit: reduced risk of death or oxygen use at about one month and a marginal reduction in oxygen use at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. It may reduce retinopathy of prematurity and nosocomial sepsis, but has no consistent impact on mortality by 36 weeks PMA or long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Enteral vitamin A showed no significant benefit in the trial(s); among intramuscular regimens, 5000 IU three times weekly for four weeks is suggested as effective for smaller infants, though some remain deficient by day 28. Overall, benefits are modest and long-term outcomes remain uncertain; decisions should consider local context and potential trade-offs.

Limitations

Small, heterogeneous trials with varying dosing regimens and background neonatal care; incomplete follow-up and reporting in some trials; risk of bias in several studies; limited power to assess long-term neurodevelopment; uncertainty about optimal route of administration.

Abstract

BACKGROUND Vitamin A is necessary for normal lung growth and the integrity of respiratory tract epithelial cells. Preterm infants have low vitamin A status at birth and this has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVES To evaluate supplementation with vitamin A on the incidence of death or neonatal chronic lung disease and long-term neurodevelopmental disability in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants compared with a control (placebo or no supplementation), and to consider the effect of the supplementation route, dose, and timing. SEARCH METHODS For the original review and subsequent updates, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, and the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials. The reference lists of relevant trials, paediatric and nutrition journals, and conference abstracts and proceedings were handsearched up to 2010.For the 2016 update, we used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2016, Issue 4), MEDLINE via PubMed (1 May 2016), EMBASE (1 May 2016), and CINAHL (1 May 2016). We also searched clinical trials' databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing vitamin A supplementation with a control (placebo or no supplementation) or other dosage regimens in VLBW infants (birth weight ≤ 1500 grams or less than 32 weeks' gestation). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors screened the search results, extracted data, and assessed the trials for risk of bias. Results were reported as risk ratios (RR), risk differences (RD), and number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB), all with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Trialists were contacted for additional data. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials met the inclusion criteria. Ten trials (1460 infants) compared vitamin A supplementation with a control and one (120 infants) compared different regimens of vitamin A supplementation. Compared to the control group, vitamin A appeared to have a small benefit in reducing the risk of death or oxygen requirement at one month of age (typical RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99; typical RD -0.05, 95% CI -0.10 to -0.01; NNTB 20, 95% CI 10 to 100; 6 studies, 1165 infants) and the risk of chronic lung disease (oxygen requirement) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (typical RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.99; typical RD -0.07, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.01; NNTB 11, 95% CI 6 to 100; 5 studies, 986 infants) (moderate-quality evidence). There was a marginal reduction of the combined outcome of death or chronic lung disease (typical RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.01; typical RD -0.05, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.01; 4 studies, 1089 infants). Neurodevelopmental assessment of 88% of the surviving infants in the largest trial showed no difference between the groups at 18 to 22 months of age, corrected for prematurity (low-quality evidence). There is no evidence to support different vitamin A dosing regimens. No adverse effects of vitamin A supplementation were reported, but it was noted that intramuscular injections of vitamin A were painful. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Whether clinicians decide to utilise repeat intramuscular doses of vitamin A to prevent chronic lung disease may depend upon the local incidence of this outcome and the value attached to achieving a modest reduction in the outcome balanced against the lack of other proven benefits and the acceptability of the treatment. Information on long-term neurodevelopmental status suggests no evidence of either benefit or harm from the intervention. show less