Effect of whole soy and isoflavones daidzein on bone turnover and inflammatory markers: a 6-month double-blind, randomized controlled trial in Chinese postmenopausal women who are equol producers
What this study found
Overall, whole soy and daidzein did not meaningfully improve bone turnover or most inflammatory markers in equol-producing Chinese postmenopausal women. Across groups, changes in the main bone markers were not significant for β-CTX (p=0.632), PINP (p=0.458), BALP (p=0.362), OST (change p=0.228), or 25(OH)D3 (change p=0.684). Inflammatory markers were also generally unchanged for IL-6, TNF-α, homocysteine, and transferrin. The main exception was hs-CRP, which decreased in the whole soy group (1.747 ± 2.041 to 1.411 ± 1.963; change p=0.022), while the daidzein group increased (1.260 ± 1.155 to…
- Study & population
- Six-month double-blind randomized controlled trial in Chinese postmenopausal women aged 45-71 years who were equol producers, with pre- or stage 1 hypertension.
- Intervention
- Whole soy arm: 40 g soy flour daily as a solid beverage for 6 months, providing 12.8 g protein and 49.8 mg total isoflavones (23.2 mg daidzein and 19.4 mg genistein, aglycone equivalents), mixed with 300 ml water or beverage.
- Key limitation
- The trial was limited to a specific subgroup of equol-producing Chinese postmenopausal women with pre- or stage 1 hypertension, which limits generalizability.
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Open PDFOriginal abstract
Background: Human studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of soy or isoflavones on bone metabolism. However, conflicting data remain. Equol is the intestinal metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein. The health benefits of soy are more pronounced in equol producers than those not producing equol. This 6-month randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effect of whole soy (soy flour) and purified daidzein on bone turnover markers (BTMs) in Chinese postmenopausal women who are equol producers. Methods: A total of 270 eligible women were randomized to either one of the three isocaloric supplements as follows: 40 g soy flour (whole soy group), 40 g low-fat milk powder + 63 mg daidzein (daidzein group), or 40 g low-fat milk powder (placebo group) given as a solid beverage daily for 6 months. The following fasting venous samples were collected at the baseline and end of the trial to analyze BTMs: serum cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, and 25(OH)D3. Inflammation-related biomarkers, such as serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, transferrin, and homocysteine, were also tested to explore potential mechanisms. Results: A total of 253 subjects validly completed the study protocol. Urinary isoflavones suggested a good compliance to the treatments. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses indicated no significant difference in the 6-month or percentage changes in the parameters of bone metabolism and inflammatory markers among the three treatment groups. Conclusions: Whole soy and purified daidzein at provided dosages exhibited no significant effect on the bone metabolism and inflammation levels among Chinese equol-producing postmenopausal women. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01270737.